Aim To reveal some of the unexpected occurrences that can arise during real-life investigations to upset the conventional research process.

Background As novice investigators develop their careers, they are increasingly likely to encounter aspects of research that are rarely mentioned in nursing textbooks. This paper sets out several such occurrences that may challenge the researcher and the practical consequences for an unsuspecting investigator.

Data sources The author’s experience in research over the past 30 years.

Discussion In seeking to find satisfactory solutions to problems during research, researchers will also face dilemmas that offer at least two possibilities, neither of which may be acceptable. Experienced researchers will recognise this situation and acknowledge the range of trade-offs that characterise social research.

Implications for practice/research Novice researchers should be forewarned of some of the challenges they could face when carrying out future research.