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Fibrinolytic drugs, such as urokinase, are used as a first line of action to clear the blockage, yet the effectiveness of fibrinolytic drugs is uncertain. Salvaging occluded central venous access devices (CVADs) prevents the patient needing a replacement, which would be inserted as a surgical procedure. Side effects and costs associated with inserting a new CVAD are higher than those for instilling urokinase.
Nursing Children and Young People. 30, 2, 20-20. doi: 10.7748/ncyp.30.2.20.s20
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